详解python实现识别手写MNIST数字集的程序
作者:Mrchesian 发布时间:2021-05-01 13:17:40
我们需要做的第⼀件事情是获取 MNIST 数据。如果你是⼀个 git ⽤⼾,那么你能够通过克隆这本书的代码仓库获得数据,实现我们的⽹络来分类数字
git clone https://github.com/mnielsen/neural-networks-and-deep-learning.git
class Network(object):
def __init__(self, sizes):
self.num_layers = len(sizes)
self.sizes = sizes
self.biases = [np.random.randn(y, 1) for y in sizes[1:]]
self.weights = [np.random.randn(y, x)
for x, y in zip(sizes[:-1], sizes[1:])]
在这段代码中,列表 sizes 包含各层神经元的数量。例如,如果我们想创建⼀个在第⼀层有2 个神经元,第⼆层有 3 个神经元,最后层有 1 个神经元的 Network 对象,我们应这样写代码:
net = Network([2, 3, 1])
Network 对象中的偏置和权重都是被随机初始化的,使⽤ Numpy 的 np.random.randn 函数来⽣成均值为 0,标准差为 1 的⾼斯分布。这样的随机初始化给了我们的随机梯度下降算法⼀个起点。在后⾯的章节中我们将会发现更好的初始化权重和偏置的⽅法,但是⽬前随机地将其初始化。注意 Network 初始化代码假设第⼀层神经元是⼀个输⼊层,并对这些神经元不设置任何偏置,因为偏置仅在后⾯的层中⽤于计算输出。有了这些,很容易写出从⼀个 Network 实例计算输出的代码。我们从定义 S 型函数开始:
def sigmoid(z):
return 1.0/(1.0+np.exp(-z))
注意,当输⼊ z 是⼀个向量或者 Numpy 数组时,Numpy ⾃动地按元素应⽤ sigmoid 函数,即以向量形式。
我们然后对 Network 类添加⼀个 feedforward ⽅法,对于⽹络给定⼀个输⼊ a,返回对应的输出 6 。这个⽅法所做的是对每⼀层应⽤⽅程 (22):
def feedforward(self, a):
"""Return the output of the network if "a" is input."""
for b, w in zip(self.biases, self.weights):
a = sigmoid(np.dot(w, a)+b)
return a
当然,我们想要 Network 对象做的主要事情是学习。为此我们给它们⼀个实现随即梯度下降算法的 SGD ⽅法。代码如下。其中⼀些地⽅看似有⼀点神秘,我会在代码后⾯逐个分析
def SGD(self, training_data, epochs, mini_batch_size, eta,
test_data=None):
"""Train the neural network using mini-batch stochastic
gradient descent. The "training_data" is a list of tuples
"(x, y)" representing the training inputs and the desired
outputs. The other non-optional parameters are
self-explanatory. If "test_data" is provided then the
network will be evaluated against the test data after each
epoch, and partial progress printed out. This is useful for
tracking progress, but slows things down substantially."""
if test_data: n_test = len(test_data)
n = len(training_data)
for j in xrange(epochs):
random.shuffle(training_data)
mini_batches = [
training_data[k:k+mini_batch_size]
for k in xrange(0, n, mini_batch_size)]
for mini_batch in mini_batches:
self.update_mini_batch(mini_batch, eta)
if test_data:
print "Epoch {0}: {1} / {2}".format(
j, self.evaluate(test_data), n_test)
else:
print "Epoch {0} complete".format(j)
training_data 是⼀个 (x, y) 元组的列表,表⽰训练输⼊和其对应的期望输出。变量 epochs 和mini_batch_size 正如你预料的——迭代期数量,和采样时的⼩批量数据的⼤⼩。 eta 是学习速率,η。如果给出了可选参数 test_data ,那么程序会在每个训练器后评估⽹络,并打印出部分进展。这对于追踪进度很有⽤,但相当拖慢执⾏速度。
在每个迭代期,它⾸先随机地将训练数据打乱,然后将它分成多个适当⼤⼩的⼩批量数据。这是⼀个简单的从训练数据的随机采样⽅法。然后对于每⼀个 mini_batch我们应⽤⼀次梯度下降。这是通过代码 self.update_mini_batch(mini_batch, eta) 完成的,它仅仅使⽤ mini_batch 中的训练数据,根据单次梯度下降的迭代更新⽹络的权重和偏置。这是update_mini_batch ⽅法的代码:
def update_mini_batch(self, mini_batch, eta):
"""Update the network's weights and biases by applying
gradient descent using backpropagation to a single mini batch.
The "mini_batch" is a list of tuples "(x, y)", and "eta"
is the learning rate."""
nabla_b = [np.zeros(b.shape) for b in self.biases]
nabla_w = [np.zeros(w.shape) for w in self.weights]
for x, y in mini_batch:
delta_nabla_b, delta_nabla_w = self.backprop(x, y)
nabla_b = [nb+dnb for nb, dnb in zip(nabla_b, delta_nabla_b)]
nabla_w = [nw+dnw for nw, dnw in zip(nabla_w, delta_nabla_w)]
self.weights = [w-(eta/len(mini_batch))*nw
for w, nw in zip(self.weights, nabla_w)]
self.biases = [b-(eta/len(mini_batch))*nb
for b, nb in zip(self.biases, nabla_b)]
⼤部分⼯作由这⾏代码完成:
delta_nabla_b, delta_nabla_w = self.backprop(x, y)
这⾏调⽤了⼀个称为反向传播的算法,⼀种快速计算代价函数的梯度的⽅法。因此update_mini_batch 的⼯作仅仅是对 mini_batch 中的每⼀个训练样本计算梯度,然后适当地更新 self.weights 和 self.biases 。我现在不会列出 self.backprop 的代码。我们将在下章中学习反向传播是怎样⼯作的,包括self.backprop 的代码。现在,就假设它按照我们要求的⼯作,返回与训练样本 x 相关代价的适当梯度
完整的程序
"""
network.py
~~~~~~~~~~
A module to implement the stochastic gradient descent learning
algorithm for a feedforward neural network. Gradients are calculated
using backpropagation. Note that I have focused on making the code
simple, easily readable, and easily modifiable. It is not optimized,
and omits many desirable features.
"""
#### Libraries
# Standard library
import random
# Third-party libraries
import numpy as np
class Network(object):
def __init__(self, sizes):
"""The list ``sizes`` contains the number of neurons in the
respective layers of the network. For example, if the list
was [2, 3, 1] then it would be a three-layer network, with the
first layer containing 2 neurons, the second layer 3 neurons,
and the third layer 1 neuron. The biases and weights for the
network are initialized randomly, using a Gaussian
distribution with mean 0, and variance 1. Note that the first
layer is assumed to be an input layer, and by convention we
won't set any biases for those neurons, since biases are only
ever used in computing the outputs from later layers."""
self.num_layers = len(sizes)
self.sizes = sizes
self.biases = [np.random.randn(y, 1) for y in sizes[1:]]
self.weights = [np.random.randn(y, x)
for x, y in zip(sizes[:-1], sizes[1:])]
def feedforward(self, a):
"""Return the output of the network if ``a`` is input."""
for b, w in zip(self.biases, self.weights):
a = sigmoid(np.dot(w, a)+b)
return a
def SGD(self, training_data, epochs, mini_batch_size, eta,
test_data=None):
"""Train the neural network using mini-batch stochastic
gradient descent. The ``training_data`` is a list of tuples
``(x, y)`` representing the training inputs and the desired
outputs. The other non-optional parameters are
self-explanatory. If ``test_data`` is provided then the
network will be evaluated against the test data after each
epoch, and partial progress printed out. This is useful for
tracking progress, but slows things down substantially."""
if test_data: n_test = len(test_data)
n = len(training_data)
for j in xrange(epochs):
random.shuffle(training_data)
mini_batches = [
training_data[k:k+mini_batch_size]
for k in xrange(0, n, mini_batch_size)]
for mini_batch in mini_batches:
self.update_mini_batch(mini_batch, eta)
if test_data:
print "Epoch {0}: {1} / {2}".format(
j, self.evaluate(test_data), n_test)
else:
print "Epoch {0} complete".format(j)
def update_mini_batch(self, mini_batch, eta):
"""Update the network's weights and biases by applying
gradient descent using backpropagation to a single mini batch.
The ``mini_batch`` is a list of tuples ``(x, y)``, and ``eta``
is the learning rate."""
nabla_b = [np.zeros(b.shape) for b in self.biases]
nabla_w = [np.zeros(w.shape) for w in self.weights]
for x, y in mini_batch:
delta_nabla_b, delta_nabla_w = self.backprop(x, y)
nabla_b = [nb+dnb for nb, dnb in zip(nabla_b, delta_nabla_b)]
nabla_w = [nw+dnw for nw, dnw in zip(nabla_w, delta_nabla_w)]
self.weights = [w-(eta/len(mini_batch))*nw
for w, nw in zip(self.weights, nabla_w)]
self.biases = [b-(eta/len(mini_batch))*nb
for b, nb in zip(self.biases, nabla_b)]
def backprop(self, x, y):
"""Return a tuple ``(nabla_b, nabla_w)`` representing the
gradient for the cost function C_x. ``nabla_b`` and
``nabla_w`` are layer-by-layer lists of numpy arrays, similar
to ``self.biases`` and ``self.weights``."""
nabla_b = [np.zeros(b.shape) for b in self.biases]
nabla_w = [np.zeros(w.shape) for w in self.weights]
# feedforward
activation = x
activations = [x] # list to store all the activations, layer by layer
zs = [] # list to store all the z vectors, layer by layer
for b, w in zip(self.biases, self.weights):
z = np.dot(w, activation)+b
zs.append(z)
activation = sigmoid(z)
activations.append(activation)
# backward pass
delta = self.cost_derivative(activations[-1], y) * \
sigmoid_prime(zs[-1])
nabla_b[-1] = delta
nabla_w[-1] = np.dot(delta, activations[-2].transpose())
# Note that the variable l in the loop below is used a little
# differently to the notation in Chapter 2 of the book. Here,
# l = 1 means the last layer of neurons, l = 2 is the
# second-last layer, and so on. It's a renumbering of the
# scheme in the book, used here to take advantage of the fact
# that Python can use negative indices in lists.
for l in xrange(2, self.num_layers):
z = zs[-l]
sp = sigmoid_prime(z)
delta = np.dot(self.weights[-l+1].transpose(), delta) * sp
nabla_b[-l] = delta
nabla_w[-l] = np.dot(delta, activations[-l-1].transpose())
return (nabla_b, nabla_w)
def evaluate(self, test_data):
"""Return the number of test inputs for which the neural
network outputs the correct result. Note that the neural
network's output is assumed to be the index of whichever
neuron in the final layer has the highest activation."""
test_results = [(np.argmax(self.feedforward(x)), y)
for (x, y) in test_data]
return sum(int(x == y) for (x, y) in test_results)
def cost_derivative(self, output_activations, y):
"""Return the vector of partial derivatives \partial C_x /
\partial a for the output activations."""
return (output_activations-y)
#### Miscellaneous functions
def sigmoid(z):
"""The sigmoid function."""
return 1.0/(1.0+np.exp(-z))
def sigmoid_prime(z):
"""Derivative of the sigmoid function."""
return sigmoid(z)*(1-sigmoid(z))
"""
mnist_loader
~~~~~~~~~~~~
A library to load the MNIST image data. For details of the data
structures that are returned, see the doc strings for ``load_data``
and ``load_data_wrapper``. In practice, ``load_data_wrapper`` is the
function usually called by our neural network code.
"""
#### Libraries
# Standard library
import cPickle
import gzip
# Third-party libraries
import numpy as np
def load_data():
"""Return the MNIST data as a tuple containing the training data,
the validation data, and the test data.
The ``training_data`` is returned as a tuple with two entries.
The first entry contains the actual training images. This is a
numpy ndarray with 50,000 entries. Each entry is, in turn, a
numpy ndarray with 784 values, representing the 28 * 28 = 784
pixels in a single MNIST image.
The second entry in the ``training_data`` tuple is a numpy ndarray
containing 50,000 entries. Those entries are just the digit
values (0...9) for the corresponding images contained in the first
entry of the tuple.
The ``validation_data`` and ``test_data`` are similar, except
each contains only 10,000 images.
This is a nice data format, but for use in neural networks it's
helpful to modify the format of the ``training_data`` a little.
That's done in the wrapper function ``load_data_wrapper()``, see
below.
"""
f = gzip.open('../data/mnist.pkl.gz', 'rb')
training_data, validation_data, test_data = cPickle.load(f)
f.close()
return (training_data, validation_data, test_data)
def load_data_wrapper():
"""Return a tuple containing ``(training_data, validation_data,
test_data)``. Based on ``load_data``, but the format is more
convenient for use in our implementation of neural networks.
In particular, ``training_data`` is a list containing 50,000
2-tuples ``(x, y)``. ``x`` is a 784-dimensional numpy.ndarray
containing the input image. ``y`` is a 10-dimensional
numpy.ndarray representing the unit vector corresponding to the
correct digit for ``x``.
``validation_data`` and ``test_data`` are lists containing 10,000
2-tuples ``(x, y)``. In each case, ``x`` is a 784-dimensional
numpy.ndarry containing the input image, and ``y`` is the
corresponding classification, i.e., the digit values (integers)
corresponding to ``x``.
Obviously, this means we're using slightly different formats for
the training data and the validation / test data. These formats
turn out to be the most convenient for use in our neural network
code."""
tr_d, va_d, te_d = load_data()
training_inputs = [np.reshape(x, (784, 1)) for x in tr_d[0]]
training_results = [vectorized_result(y) for y in tr_d[1]]
training_data = zip(training_inputs, training_results)
validation_inputs = [np.reshape(x, (784, 1)) for x in va_d[0]]
validation_data = zip(validation_inputs, va_d[1])
test_inputs = [np.reshape(x, (784, 1)) for x in te_d[0]]
test_data = zip(test_inputs, te_d[1])
return (training_data, validation_data, test_data)
def vectorized_result(j):
"""Return a 10-dimensional unit vector with a 1.0 in the jth
position and zeroes elsewhere. This is used to convert a digit
(0...9) into a corresponding desired output from the neural
network."""
e = np.zeros((10, 1))
e[j] = 1.0
return e
# test network.py "cost function square func"
import mnist_loader
training_data, validation_data, test_data = mnist_loader.load_data_wrapper()
import network
net = network.Network([784, 10])
net.SGD(training_data, 5, 10, 5.0, test_data=test_data)
原英文查看:http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.html
来源:https://blog.csdn.net/chen_shiqiang/article/details/51913191
猜你喜欢
- 线程锁相当于同时只能有一个线程申请锁,有的场景无数据修改互斥要求可以同时让多个线程同时运行,且需要限制并发线程数量时可以使用信号量impor
- 一、采用?a=1&b=2访问修改views.py:views.pyfrom django.shortcuts import rend
- 一、数据库介绍1、为什么要学习数据库通常,我们存储数据,直接用本地文件即可,但是,本地文件不利于存放海量数据,也不利于用程序对文件的数据进行
- 简单的一个python日志处理类#/usr/bin/python#coding=utf-8import time,typesclass lo
- 本文实例讲述了Python闭包和装饰器用法。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:Python的装饰器的英文名叫Decorator,作用是完成对一
- 本文实例讲述了Python3变量与基本数据类型用法。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:3.1保留字和标识符3.1.1保留字 &nb
- 在ACCESS数据库中可以用MSSQL的形式定义操作字符串,也可以采用OLEDB的形式。MSSQL 形式string sqlText = @
- 本文介绍了django反向解析URL和URL命名空间,分享给大家,具体如下:首先明确几个概念:1.在html页面上的内容特别是向用户展示的u
- 看看下面:<%Set objQuery = Server.CreateObject("ixss
- 最近将Jesse James Garrett的《用户体验的要素》一书读了两遍,做一些简要的摘录并添加一些个人注释。当然,一本好书绝对不是简单
- 目的是为了检测出采集数据中的异常值。所以很明确,这种情况下的簇为2:正常数据和异常数据两大类1、安装相应的库import matplotli
- example: for item in warehouse_list: warehouse_id =
- (一)行号显示和排序 1.SQL Server的行号 A.SQL 2000使用identity(int,1,1)和临时表,可以显示行号 SE
- Python字符串拼接的6种方法:1.加号第一种,有编程经验的人,估计都知道很多语言里面是用加号连接两个字符串,Python里面也是如此直接
- 以下是一些Python实用技巧和工具,希望能对大家有所帮助。交换变量x = 6y = 5x, y = y, xprint x>>
- 对url进行编码在服务器端我们可以使用asp中的server.urlencode,很方便实现。如:<% ss="asp之家欢
- python的scipy.stats模块是连续型随机变量的公共方法,可以产生随机数,通常是以正态分布作为scipy.stats的基本使用方法
- fckconfig.js 中修改 添加 FCKConfig.LineHeights = '100%;150%;200%;250%;3
- 前言我们经常会与文件和目录打交道,对于这些操作python提供了一个os模块,里面包含了很多操作文件和目录的函数。在写一些系统脚本或者自动化
- 访问FTP,无非两件事情:upload和download,最近在项目中需要从ftp下载大量文件,然后我就试着去实验自己的ftp操作类,如下(