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android异步消息机制 源码层面彻底解析(1)

作者:jcjkobe123  发布时间:2023-10-02 07:08:52 

标签:android,异步,消息机制

Handler、Message、Loopler、MessageQueen

首先看一下我们平常使用Handler的一个最常见用法。


Handler handler =new Handler(){
 @Override
 public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
  super.handleMessage(msg);
  //这里进行一些UI操作等处理
 }

new Thread(new Runnable() {
  @Override
  public void run() {
   Message message = Message.obtain();
   ........
   handler.sendMessage(message);
  }
 });
};

看一下handler的构造函数的源码


public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
//他会调用本类中的如下构造函数
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
 if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
  final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
  if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
   Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
    klass.getCanonicalName());
  }
 }

mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
 if (mLooper == null) {
  throw new RuntimeException(
   "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
 }
 mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
 mCallback = callback;
 mAsynchronous = async;
}

看到当mLooper == null时会抛一个“Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()”这个异常,所以我们在创建handler实例前首先需要调用Looper.prepare()


public static void prepare() {
 prepare(true);
}
//将looper保存到ThreadLocal中,这里可以把ThreadLocal理解为一个以当前线程为键的Map,所以一个线程中只会有一个looper
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
 throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may  be created per thread");
 }
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
//我们看到在new Looper(quitAllowed)中,创建了一个消息队列MessageQueen
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

接下来我们看handler.sendMessage(message)这个方法,从字面意思就是将信息发送出去。一般sendMessage累的方法最终都会调用sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis)这个方法


public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
 MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
 if (queue == null) {
  RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
  Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
  return false;
 }
 return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

我们看到最终会执行enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis)这个方法


private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
 msg.target = this;
 if (mAsynchronous) {
  msg.setAsynchronous(true);
 }
 return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

最终又会调用MessageQueen中的queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis)这个方法,这里的queue就是looper构造方法中创建的那个消息队列


//MessageQueen的enqueueMessage方法
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
 if (msg.target == null) {
  throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
 }
 if (msg.isInUse()) {
  throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
 }

synchronized (this) {
  if (mQuitting) {
   IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
     msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
   Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
   msg.recycle();
   return false;
  }

msg.markInUse();
  msg.when = when;
  Message p = mMessages;
  boolean needWake;
  if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
   // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
   msg.next = p;
   mMessages = msg;
   needWake = mBlocked;
  } else {
   // Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
   // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
   // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
   needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
   Message prev;
   for (;;) {
    prev = p;
    p = p.next;
    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
     break;
    }
    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
     needWake = false;
    }
   }
   msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
   prev.next = msg;
  }

// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
  if (needWake) {
   nativeWake(mPtr);
  }
 }
 return true;
}

MessageQueen虽然名字是一个队列,但实质上他是一个单向链表,这个结构能快速进行插入和删除操作。从上面源码可以看出来,主要是按照发送消息的时间顺序将msg插入到消息队列中。接下来我们就需要从消息队列中取出msg了。这时候就需要调用Looper.loop()方法。



public static void loop() {
 final Looper me = myLooper();
 if (me == null) {
  throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
 }
 final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
 // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
 Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
 final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

for (;;) {
  //不断从消息队列中取出msg
  Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
  if (msg == null) {
   // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
   return;
  }

// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
  Printer logging = me.mLogging;
  if (logging != null) {
   logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
     msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
  }
  //将msg交由handler处理
  msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

if (logging != null) {
   logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
  }

// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
  // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
  final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
  if (ident != newIdent) {
   Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
     + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
     + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
     + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
     + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
  }

msg.recycleUnchecked();
 }
}

可以看到Looper.loop()方法通过在一个死循环中调用Message msg = queue.next()将消息不断的从消息队列中取出来。queue.next()方法的作用就是从消息队列中取msg,唯一跳出循环的方式是MessageQueen的next方法返回了null。现在msg已经取出来,下一步就是怎样将他传递给handler了对吧。所以在死循环中还有一个方法msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg) ,而msg.target就是handler,在上面handler的enqueueMessage()方法中传入的msg.target = this,this就是handler本身,接下来就看看handler的dispatchMessage()方法


public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
 if (msg.callback != null) {
  handleCallback(msg);
 } else {
  if (mCallback != null) {
   if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
    return;
   }
  }
  handleMessage(msg);
 }
}

如果我们采用无参的构造函数创建handler,msg.callback与mCallback均为空,所以我们会调用handleMessage(msg),这样文章开头的那个实例整个流程就走完了,handleMessage(msg)会在handler实例所在的线程中执行。


//当我们通过这种方式创建handler时,dispatchMessage中的mCallback就不为null
public Handler(Callback callback) {
 this(callback, false);
}
//Callback是一个接口,里面正好也有我们需要的handleMessage(Message msg),dispatchMessage中的 if (mCallback != null) 语句内的内容,就是我们需要重写的handleMessage(Message msg)方法
public interface Callback {
 public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
}

//当我们调用handler.post()方法执行异步任务时
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
 return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
//getPostMessage(r)这个方法中我们看到给m.callback赋值了,就是我们传入的runnable接口
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
 Message m = Message.obtain();
 m.callback = r;
 return m;
}
//最后在handleCallback方法中我们执行了它的run方法,这也就解释了为什么在子线程中可以用handler.post(Runnable r)更新UI
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
 message.callback.run();
}

总结

梳理整个执行过程

1.调用Looper.prepare()方法,这是创建handler所必须的。在主线程中由于ActivityThread已经通过Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法创建过looper,所以在主线程中创建handler以前无需创建looper,并通过Looper.loop()来开启主线程的消息循环。

2.通过调用handler.sendMessage(message)方法最终会执行enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis),enqueueMessage又会调用MessageQueen的queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis),这样消息就会被添加到消息队列中。

3.调用Looper.loop()方法在死循环中执行Message msg = queue.next(),不断的将msg从消息队列中取出来,同时执行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),将消息传递给handler,由handler来处理,如我们调用的handleMessage就是处理消息的方式之一。

异步处理机制流程图

android异步消息机制 源码层面彻底解析(1)

从子线程进行UI 操作的几种方式

Android 提供了几种途径来从其他线程访问 UI 线程。以下列出了几种有用的方法:

• Activity.runOnUiThread(Runnable)
• View.post(Runnable) 这里的view就是我们需要改变的ui控件
• View.postDelayed(Runnable, long)
• Handler.post(Runnable, long)

但是,随着操作日趋复杂,这类代码也会变得复杂且难以维护。 要通过工作线程处理更复杂的交互,可以考虑在工作线程中使用 Handler 处理来自 UI 线程的消息。当然,最好的解决方案或许是扩展 AsyncTask 类,此类简化了与 UI 进行交互所需执行的工作线程任务。

来源:https://blog.csdn.net/jcjkobe123/article/details/51474410

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